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Projections & inertia

IPCC AR6 SSP scenarios and a simplified ZEC experiment: why do temperature and the ocean keep changing after anthropogenic CO₂ emissions are set to zero?

This page: choose an IPCC scenario (SSP) or the ZEC teaching experiment: anthropogenic CO₂ emissions set to zero in 2025, followed by prescribed forcing. The model does not explicitly simulate the carbon cycle or other forcing agents.

Simplified educational model Illustrative values inspired by IPCC AR6, not an official IPCC forecast. SSP curves are calibrated to AR6 Table SPM.1 averages for 2041–2060 and 2081–2100. In the ZEC experiment, anthropogenic CO₂ emissions are set to zero in 2025 and forcing is prescribed; the carbon cycle and other forcing agents, including aerosols, are not simulated. This is not an official CMIP6 run. Methods & limits →

Scenarios

Illustrative IPCC AR6 pathways (CMIP6 / ScenarioMIP). SSP5-8.5 remains a high bound, rarely considered the most likely trajectory today.

The two-reservoir model does not explicitly simulate the carbon cycle. Forcing is prescribed and calibrated to the ZECMIP median at 50 years; other forcing agents, including aerosols, are not represented.

Projections · ZEC - anthropogenic CO₂ set to zero in 2025

“Anthropogenic CO₂ set to zero in 2025” animation

Automatically advances the slider on the teaching ZEC experiment: anthropogenic CO₂ emissions set to zero in 2025, followed by prescribed forcing; +50-year milestone or trajectory to 2150.

Surface T° 1.39 °C
Deep ocean 0.08 °C proxy
EEI 1.12 W/m²
OHC 16.4 ZJ/yr

After 2025: EEI and OHC from the model (inertia), not IAP/CAS observations.

AR6 range 2025 +25 yr +50 yr 1,52 1,26 °C 2025205021002150 1,39 °C

Compare as overlay (max 3 SSP scenarios)

ZEC · warming after stop

Zero Emissions Commitment measures the temperature change after anthropogenic CO₂ emissions cease. This two-reservoir model is compared with the ZECMIP synthesis / AR6:

Lab model · +25 yr −0.03 °C
ZECMIP median · +25 yr −0.02 °C
AR6 likely · +50 yr −0.3 to +0.3 °C
Lab model · +50 yr −0.05 °C
ZECMIP P10–P90 · +50 yr −0.32 to +0.15 °C
ZECMIP min–max · +50 yr −0.36 to +0.29 °C

The 2-reservoir model (−0.05 °C at 50 yr) sits within the ZECMIP envelope (P10–P90), close to the median (−0.05 °C).

ZECMIP source: MacDougall et al. 2020, Biogeosciences, doi:10.5194/bg-17-2987-2020 — 1000 PgC emitted, then zero CO₂ emissions (atmospheric CO₂ evolving freely)

Inertia · surface vs deep ocean

In 2025, at the start of the experiment with anthropogenic CO₂ emissions set to zero, the surface is 1.39 °C above 1850-1900 and the deep ocean is 0.08 °C. In this model, the 1.31 °C gap takes several centuries to close.

Surface – deep ocean gap (2025) Surface (GMST) 1.39 °C Deep ocean 0.08 °C Gap: 1.31 °C, closed over centuries

Model ZEC: −0.03 °C at 25 yr, −0.05 °C at 50 yr. ZECMIP median at 50 yr: −0.05 °C. EEI takes ~62 years to halve (≈ 2087).

Anthropogenic CO₂ at zero (ZEC)

In this educational experiment, anthropogenic CO₂ emissions are set to zero in 2025. CO₂ already in the atmosphere may continue to be absorbed by natural sinks. The two-reservoir model does not explicitly simulate the carbon cycle: it prescribes a forcing decline calibrated to the ZECMIP median at 50 years. It does not represent other forcing agents, including the climate effect of a rapid decline in aerosols.

Zero Emissions Commitment (ZEC) is additional warming in the following decades — close to zero according to AR6: below 0.3 °C in absolute value at 50 years, of uncertain sign (ZECMIP median −0.05 °C). The model's deep ocean (a model variable, not Argo data) takes centuries to catch up with the surface: that is the inertia this lab visualises.

AR6 indicates that a deep, rapid emissions cut discernably slows warming in about two decades — but this simplified experiment does not erase inertia already accumulated.

Review warming history (timeline 1957→2025) →